###################################################################################
Codebook for '(When) Are Lobbying Expenditures a Good Proxy for Lobbying Activity?'
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==========================================
Table contained in 'PSRM_main_dataset.rds'
==========================================

The table includes information obtained from Statements of Lobbying Activity and Expenditures in Wisconsin from 2005 through 2018, which are accessible online on the Wisconsin Ethics Commission's lobbying disclosure website: 'https://lobbying.wi.gov/'. Variables include data from the filings as well as transformed data. The information contained in the table includes the names of clients, lobbyists and lobbying firms/employers; the filing period; the number of hours worked (communicating with public officials and other lobbying-related work); expenditures made by lobbying clients (also known as principals), including payments to lobbyists/lobbying firms; and how lobbying effort by a client in a reporting period was allocated across topic categories. N.B. Data from filings by 'Dominion Resources Services Inc.' in 2015-2016 and 'Alliance for Animals', 'WCTA', and 'Wisconsin Head Start Association' in 2017-2018 are not included as they did not contain information about contract or in-house lobbyists.


Variable list:
==============

1) 'nid1'

ID variable for observations

--

2) 'halfyear'

First day of six-month reporting period

--

3) 'halfyear2'

Number for half-year within 2-year (biennial) session 

1=Jan-Jun of first year
2=Jul-Dec of first year
3=Jan-Jun of second year
4=Jul-Dec of second year

--

4) 'year'

Year of filing period

--

5) 'session'

Biennial session number

2005-2006=1
2007-2008=2
2009-2010=3
2011-2012=4
2013-2014=5
2015-2016=6
2017-2018=7

--

6) 'lobname_cleaned'

Lobbyist name (cleaned variable)

--

7) 'principal_cleaned'

Client name (cleaned variable)

--

8) 'lobbying_company_cleaned'

Lobbying company or employer name (cleaned variable)

--

9) 'type'

Variable indicating whether an observation is that of a contract lobbyist, an in-house lobbying employee (in-house lobbyist), or non-lobbyist employee(s) (non-licensed lobbyist(s))

--

10) 'typeIH'

Variable for lobbyist type, grouping together in-house lobbyists and non-lobbyist employees as 'in-house'. Contract lobbyist status is unchanged as compared to variable 'type'.

--

11) 'organization_type'

Type of organization (client) from 'Eye on Lobbying' overview of lobbying principals ('Search Lobbying Principals')

--

12) 'Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp'

Inflation-adjusted (to Jan 2020 USD) expenditures by client for lobbyist's work (or work of non-lobbyist employee(s)), including (for in-house lobbyists and non-lobbying employees) fringe benefits, overhead, and travel and living expenses. 

Calculated as Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp = comparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp*cpi[2020-01-01]/cpi[halfyear] (where 'halfyear' is the first day of six-month reporting period).

--

13) 'comparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp'

Expenditures by client for lobbyist's work (or work of non-lobbyist employee(s)), including (for in-house lobbyists and non-lobbying employee observations) fringe benefits, overhead, and travel and living expenses; not inflation-adjusted. 

For contract lobbyists, values are the same as 'total_amount_cleaned'. For in-house lobbyists and non-lobbyist observations, values are the same as 'total_amount_cleaned_plus_exp' 

--

14) 'comparable_total_amounts_cleaned_noexp'

Expenditures by client for lobbyist's work (or work of non-lobbyist employee(s)), including (for in-house lobbyists and non-lobbying employees) fringe benefits and overhead but not travel and living expenses; not inflation-adjusted.  N.B.: Same values as total_amount_cleaned.

--

15) 'hours'

Total number of hours spent on lobbying or lobbying-related activities, either 'communicating' or 'other' (see below).

--

16) 'communicating'

Number of hours spent communicating with public officials ('includes talking (in person or by telephone) and meeting with elected officials, legislative employees, agency officials, and other state employees with decision-making authority for legislative or administrative action, as well as speaking at public hearings. This category does not include letter-writing.' See Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf')

--

17) 'other'

Number of hours spent not directly communicating but preparing documentation, research, or strategizing for future communication ('includes time spent monitoring legislative and state agency activities; writing letters; meeting with members or employees of the organization, colleagues, and others to discuss lobbying issues and strategy; collecting, compiling, or analyzing facts, data, or other information; preparing to communicate with elected officials, legislative employees, agency officials, and other state employees with decision-making authority for legislative or administrative action; preparing correspondence; and preparing others to lobby.' See 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf')

--

18) 'inhouse_ever_count'

Across the sample period (2005-2018), the number of in-house lobbyists disclosed as working for client
                                  
--

19) 'contract_ever_count'

Across sample period (2005-2018), the number of contract lobbyists disclosed as working for client

--

20) 'inhouse_ever_count1'

Indicator for whether client engaged an in-house lobbyist in sample period (2005-2018).

--

21) 'contract_ever_count1'

Indicator for whether client engaged a contract lobbyist in sample period (2005-2018).

--

22) 'both_ever_count1'

Indicator for whether client engaged an in-house lobbyist and a contract lobbyist in the sample period, from 2005 through 2018 (N.B. both types not necessarily engaged at the same time).

--

23) 'inhouse_session_count'

For the current two-year (biennial) session, the number of in-house lobbyists disclosed as working for client.
                     
--

24) 'contract_session_count'

For the current two-year (biennial) session, the number of contract lobbyists disclosed as working for client.

--

25) 'inhouse_session_count1'

Indicator for whether client disclosed at least one in-house lobbyist as working for them during the current biennial (two-year) session.	                             

--

26) 'contract_session_count1'

Indicator for whether client disclosed at least one contract lobbyist as working for them during the current biennial (two-year) session.

--

27) 'both_session_count1'

Indicator for whether client engaged an in-house lobbyist and a contract lobbyist during the current biennial (two-year) session (not necessarily at the same time).
                               
--

28) 'inhouse_halfyear_count'

For the current (half-yearly) reporting period, the number of in-house lobbyists disclosed as working for the client.

--

29) 'contract_halfyear_count'

For the current reporting period, the number of contract lobbyists disclosed as working for the client.

--

30) 'inhouse_halfyear_count1'

Indicator for whether client disclosed at least one in-house lobbyist as working for them during the current reporting period.
                           
--

31) 'contract_halfyear_count1'

Indicator for whether client disclosed at least one contract lobbyist as working for them during the current reporting period.
                                                                          
--

32) 'both_halfyear_count1'

Indicator for whether client engaged an in-house lobbyist and a contract lobbyist during the current reporting period.

--

33) 'new.lobbyist.name'

Lobbyist name (cleaned variable, N.B. used for merging datasets in Appendix A7 analysis)

--

34) 'new.merged.name'

Client name (cleaned variable, N.B. used for merging datasets in Appendix A7 analysis)

--

35) 'count'

Indicator for observation

--

36) 'cpi'

Consumer Price Index (100=﻿1997-12-01); Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Education and Communication in Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI (CBSA) (CUURA207SAE); source: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CUURA207SAE (accessed 03/30/2020).

--

37) 'total_amount_cleaned_plus_exp'

For in-house lobbyist or non-lobbyist observations, salary paid by client plus fringe benefits and overhead as well as travel and living expenses. Fringe benefits and overhead are proportionally allocated based on the salary amounts paid by client to in-house lobbyists and non-lobbyists. Travel and living expenses for in-house lobbyists are proportionally allocated based on the number of hours worked by in-house lobbyists. Travel and living expenses for non-lobbyists are provided separately.

For in-house lobbyists, calculated as total_amount_cleaned_plus_exp = total_amount_cleaned + travel_living_exp_employees * inhouse_proportion_hours_cleaned. For non-lobbyist observations, calculated as comparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp= total_amount_cleaned +  travel_living_exp_non_employees.

N.B. For two observations (both in Jan-Jun 2014), values were corrected after the calculation: lobbyist 'Petersen, Andrew S' working for 'TDS Telecommunications Corporation' and lobbyist 'Meyer, Dean C' working for 'Badger State Sheriffs' Association'

--

38) 'total_amount_cleaned'

For in-house lobbyists and non-lobbyist observations, the variable captures salary plus overhead and fringe costs (attributed proportionally based on salary amount). For contract lobbyists, the variable captures any expenditure attributed to the individual lobbyist plus the proportional amount (attributed proportionally based on hours worked) of the expenditure attributed to the lobbyist's lobbying firm. 

For in-house lobbyists and non-lobbyist observations, the variable is calculated as total_amount_cleaned = amount_cleaned + proportion_amount_cleaned * fringe_amount + proportion_amount_cleaned * overhead. For contract lobbyists, the variable is calculated as total_amount_cleaned = amount_ind_cleaned + prop_amount_cleaned (where prop_amount_cleaned = proportion_cleaned * amount_lc_cleaned).

N.B. For two observations, both in Jan-Jun 2011, values were corrected after the calculation: 'Mitchell, Susan' and 'Stawinoga, Nycole', both working for 'School Choice Wisconsin.'

--

39) 'amount_cleaned'

For in-house lobbyists and non-lobbyist observations, the variable indicates the salary amount in current reporting period for lobbying and lobbying-related activities (cleaned variable).

--

40) 'travel_living_exp_employees'

Client's travel and living expenses for lobbyist employee (in-house lobbyist) in current reporting period. Values from disclosures.

--

41) 'inhouse_proportion_hours_cleaned'

Proportion of hours worked by in-house lobbyist out of total number of hours worked by all in-house lobbyists for client in current reporting period. 

Calculated as inhouse_proportion_hours_cleaned  = hours / inhouse_hours_cleaned

--

42) 'inhouse_hours_cleaned' 

Number of hours worked for client by all in-house lobbyists in current reporting period. 

--

43) 'travel_living_exp_non_employees'

Client's travel and living expenses for non-lobbying employees (non-lobbyists) in current reporting period. Values from disclosures.

--

44) 'fringe_amount'

As noted on disclosures, unless manually indicated, 'fringe benefits are automatically calculated as 30% of salary.' Values from disclosures.

--

45) 'overhead' 

As noted on disclosures, unless manually calculated, overhead 'is automatically calculated as 30% of salary plus fringe'. Values from disclosures.

--

46) 'proportion_amount_cleaned'

For in-house lobbyists and non-lobbyist observations, the proportion of salary out of the sum of all in-house lobbyist and non-lobbyist salary payments disclosed in the current reporting period; used for attributing 'fringe_benefits' and 'overhead' proportionally to in-house lobbyist and non-lobbyist observations. Calculated as proportion_amount_cleaned = amount_cleaned / principal_amount_cleaned

--

47) 'principal_amount_cleaned'

The sum of all salary amounts paid by client to in-house lobbyists and non-lobbying employees ('non-lobbyists') in the current reporting period.

--

48) 'amount_ind_cleaned'

For contract lobbyists, payments made and obligations incurred by client during the reporting period to individual lobbyist for lobbying and lobbying-related activities (cleaned variable).

--

49) 'prop_amount_cleaned'

For contract lobbyists, prop_amount_cleaned = amount_lc_cleaned * proportion_cleaned

--

50) 'amount_lc_cleaned'

For contract lobbyists, payments made and obligations incurred by client during the reporting period to lobbying company for lobbying and lobbying-related activities (cleaned variable). 

--

51) 'proportion_cleaned' 

For contract lobbyists, the proportion of hours worked for client x as part of lobbying firm y out of all lobbyist hours disclosed as having been worked by lobbyists of lobbying firm y for client x in the current reporting period; used for attributing client's payment made or obligation incurred to lobbying firm ('amount_lc_cleaned') proportionally to contract lobbyists. 

Calculated as proportion_cleaned = hours / hours_all_cleaned

--

52) 'hours_all_cleaned'

For contract lobbyists, the total number of hours worked by all lobbyists of lobbying firm y for client x in the current reporting period.

--

53) 'Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_noexp'

Inflation-adjusted (to Jan 2020 USD) expenditures by client for lobbyist's work (or work of non-lobbyist employee(s)), including (for in-house lobbyists and non-lobbying employees) fringe benefits and overhead, but not travel and living expenses. 

Calculated as Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_noexp = comparable_total_amounts_cleaned_noexp * cpi[2020-01-01]/cpi[halfyear] (where 'halfyear' is the first day of six-month filing period).


54) 'Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp_plus_all'

Inflation adjusted (to Jan 2020 USD) expenditures by client for lobbyist's work (or work of non-lobbyist employee(s)) as well as client's  other lobbying expenditures (except for payments to officials). Expenditures for lobbyist's work also  include (for in-house lobbyists and non-lobbying employees) fringe benefits, overhead, as well as travel and living expenses. Client's other lobbying expenditures are allocated proportionally to hours worked by all lobbyists (contract, in-house, and non-lobbyist observations) for the client in the current reporting period. 

Calculated as Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp_plus_all = Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp + Rall_other_lobbying_expenses * all_proportion_hours_cleaned

--

55) 'Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_noexp_plus_all'

Inflation adjusted (to Jan 2020 USD) expenditures by client for lobbyist's work (or work of non-lobbyist employee(s)) as well as client's other lobbying expenditures (except for payments to officials). Expenditures for lobbyist's work also include (for in-house lobbyists and non-lobbying employees) fringe benefits and overhead, but not travel and living expenses. Client's other lobbying expenditures are allocated proportionally to hours worked by all lobbyists (contract, in-house, and non-lobbyist observations) for the client in the current reporting period. 

Calculated as Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_noexp_plus_all = Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_noexp + Rall_other_lobbying_expenses * all_proportion_hours_cleaned

--

56) 'Rall_other_lobbying_expenses'

Inflation adjusted (to Jan 2020 USD) lobbying expenses and obligations the organization (client) made or incurred during the reporting period that are not already reported and are not included in overhead. May include expenditures on public relations, research, volunteers' expenses and other lobbying costs. 

Calculated as  Rall_other_lobbying_expenses = all_other_lobbying_expenses * cpi[2020-01-01]/cpi[halfyear])

--

57) 'all_other_lobbying_expenses'

Lobbying expenses and obligations organization (client) made or incurred during the reporting period that are not already reported and are not included in overhead. May include expenditures on public relations, research, volunteers' expenses and other lobbying costs (see 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf'). Values from disclosures.

--

58) 'all_proportion_hours_cleaned'

Calculated as all_proportion_hours_cleaned  = hours / hours_all_principal_cleaned

--

59) 'hours_all_principal_cleaned'

Total number of hours worked by all lobbyists (contract lobbyists, in-house lobbyists, and non-lobbyists) for the client in the current reporting period.

--

60) 'dyad_biennium_amount'

Sum of expenditures by client on lobbyist's work, as measured by Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp, by employer-lobbyist-lobbying type and aggregated to the level of a biennial session.

--

61) 'payments_to_officials'

Note in disclosures: 'Wis. Stats. 13.68(d): Reimbursement to officials.' Values from disclosures.

--

62) 'lobbying_top_pct_nonum_all'

Proportion of organization's (client's) lobbying-related time in current reporting period associated with 'Topics Not Yet Assigned A Bill Or Rule Number' (see 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf'). Values from disclosures.

--

63) 'lobbying_top_pct_legprop_all'

Proportion of organization's (client's) lobbying-related time in current reporting period associated with 'Legislative Proposals' (see 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf'). Values from disclosures.

--

64) 'lobbying_top_pct_budget_bill_all'

Proportion of organization's (client's) lobbying-related time in current reporting period associated with 'Budget Bill Subjects' (see 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf'). Values from disclosures.

--

65) 'lobbying_top_pct_rulemaking_all'

Proportion of organization's (client's) lobbying-related time in current reporting period associated with 'Administrative Rulemaking Proceedings' (see 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf'). Values from disclosures.

--

66) 'lobbying_top_pct_minor_all'

Proportion of organization's (client's) lobbying-related time in current reporting period associated with 'Minor Efforts' (see 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf'). Values from disclosures.

--

67) 'lobbying_top_pct_allother_all'

Proportion of organization's (client's) lobbying-related time in current reporting period associated with 'All Other Matters' (see 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf'). Values from disclosures.

--

68) 'lobbying_top_pct_all_all'

Organization's (client's) total reported lobbying effort. Values from disclosures.

--

69) 'duplicated_principal_lobbyist_not_perfect_fl1'

Non-perfect duplicates, based on same principal and lobbyist name within the same half-year (fl1 is fromLast=T)

--

70) 'duplicated_principal_lobbyist_not_perfect_fl0'

Non-perfect duplicates, based on same principal and lobbyist name within the same half-year (fl1 is fromLast=F)

--

71) 'duplicated_principal_lobbyist_not_perfect_any'

Non-perfect duplicates, based on same principal and lobbyist name within the same half-year (any is fromLast=T|fromLast=F)	

--

72) 'excl_zero_other_nozero'

This variable indicates observations that were excluded from the analysis dataset due to inconsistencies (included in 'full dataset'). Specifically, this includes duplicated name and hours entries of lobbyists under the wrong category ('contract' vs. 'in-house') but without dollar amounts. Observations were determined as duplicate partly based on lobbyist time sheets. Observations with a value of 1 were excluded from the analysis (included in 'full dataset').

--

73) 'excl_because_duplicate_pay_or_nopay'

This variable indicates observations that were excluded from the analysis dataset due to inconsistencies (included in 'PSRM_full_dataset.rds'). Specifically, this includes duplicated name and hours entries, with payment amounts and lobbyist time sheets pointing towards inconsistencies. Observations with a value of 1 were excluded from the analysis (included in 'PSRM_full_dataset.rds').

--

74) 'perfect_duplicates'

Observations with a value of 1 are perfect duplicates of other observations and were therefore excluded from the analysis dataset (included in 'PSRM_full_dataset.rds').

--

75) 'useless_nonlobbyist_obs'

Non-lobbyist observations with a value of 1 have zero amounts for 'Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp' and 'hours' are were excluded from the analysis dataset (included in 'PSRM_full_dataset.rds').

--

76) 'potential_excl_below_threshold_no_report_otw_inaccurate'

Observations with a value of 1 are marked for potential inconsistencies / further examination due to combination of reported information  

--

77) 'lobname'

Lobbyist name (on disclosure)

--

78) 'lobbying_company' 

Lobbying company or employer name (on disclosure)

--

79) 'principal'

Client name (on disclosure)

--

80) 'amount'

For in-house lobbyist or non-lobbyist(s), payment(s) by client (salary) in current reporting period related to lobbying and lobbying-related activities (see 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf'). Values from disclosures.

--

81) 'amount_ind'

For contract lobbyists, payments made and obligations incurred by client during the reporting period to individual lobbyist for lobbying and lobbying-related activities (see 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf'). Values from disclosures.

--

82) 'amount_lc'

For contract lobbyists, payments made and obligations incurred by client during the reporting period to lobbying company for lobbying and lobbying-related activities (see 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'; 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf'). Values from disclosures.	

--

83) 'time_period'

Current half-yearly reporting period

--

84) 'org_names'

Name of organization (client) from overview of lobbying principals (see 'Search Lobbying Principals' on Eye on Lobbying website)

--

85) 'interest'

Description of client's lobbying interest from overview of lobbying principals (see 'Search Lobbying Principals' on Eye on Lobbying website)


86) 'links'

URL for website with link to filing

--

87) 'path'

File path


==============================================
Table contained in 'lobbyist_time_reports.rds'
==============================================

The table includes information obtained from Lobbyist Time Reports in Wisconsin from 2005 through 2016, which are accessible online on the Wisconsin Ethics Commission's lobbying disclosure website: 'https://lobbying.wi.gov/'. Variables include information on the number of hours worked (communicating with public officials vs. other work) by day, reporting period, client, and lobbyist.

Variable list:
==============

1) 'id10'

Row ID

--

2) 'time_period'

Filing period

--

3) 'lobbyist'

Lobbyist name

--

4) 'common.name'

Client name (cleaned)

--

5) 'principal'

Client name (on disclosure)

--

6) 'date2'

Date (in date format)

--

7) 'date3'

Date (numeric value)

--

8) 'd_any'

--

Sum of d_communicating and d_other

--

9) 'd_communicating'

Number of hours spent communicating with public officials (for additional details, see description of 'communicating' in variable list for 'PSRM_main_dataset.rds').

--

10) 'd_other'

Number of hours spent not directly communicating but preparing documentation, research, or strategizing for future communication (for additional details, see description of 'communicating' in variable list for 'PSRM_main_dataset.rds').


======================================================
Table contained in 'committee_hearing_appearances.rds'
======================================================

The table includes information on committee hearing appearances obtained from Records of Committee Proceedings on bills introduced to the Wisconsin Legislature from 2005 through 2016. The records were obtained from website of the Wisconsin Legislature: 'https://legis.wisconsin.gov'. (N.B. The table does not include appearances by Wisconsin legislators. Also not include are registrations of positions without an indication of the person having attended the hearing. 

Variable list: 
==============

1) 'id'

ID variable for observation

--

2) 'date2'

Date of hearing (in date format)

--

3) 'date3'

Date of hearing (numeric value)

--

4) 'committee_name'

Name of committee holding the hearing

--

5) 'bill_id'

Topic of committee hearing

--

6) 'new.merged.name'

Client or person on whose behalf person appeared at hearing (cleaned variable, used for analysis)

--

7) 'new.lobbyist.name'

Name of person who appeared at committee hearing (cleaned, used for analysis); N.B. not necessarily a (licensed) lobbyist

--

8) 'lobbyist'

Name of person who appeared at committee hearing; N.B. not necessarily a (licensed) lobbyist

--

9) 'principal'

Client or person on whose behalf person appeared at hearing

--

10) 'position'

Intention of appearing at hearing 

AA = Appearing 'against'
AF = Appearing 'for'
AI = Appearing for information

--

11) 'file'

File name (converted from pdf to txt)


==========================================
Table contained in 'PSRM_full_dataset.rds'
==========================================

'PSRM_full_dataset.rds' includes observations that were excluded from the analyses due to inconsistencies and are not included in 'PSRM_main_dataset.rds', for example, because they were determined to be duplicate observations. Observations with the following conditions are excluded from 'PSRM_main_dataset.rds': is.na(Rcomparable_total_amounts_cleaned_exp)==T ; perfect_duplicates==1 ; excl_because_duplicate_pay_or_nopay==1 ; excl_zero_other_nozero==1 ; useless_nonlobbyist_obs==1. The table contains the same variables as 'PSRM_main_dataset.rds', but the following variables have missing values in 'PSRM_full_dataset.rds': 'new.merged.name' ; 'new.lobbyist.name' ; 'duplicated_principal_lobbyist_not_perfect_fl1' ; 'duplicated_principal_lobbyist_not_perfect_fl0' ; and 'duplicated_principal_lobbyist_not_perfect_any.' N.B. Data from filings by 'Dominion Resources Services Inc.' in 2015-2016 and 'Alliance for Animals', 'WCTA', and 'Wisconsin Head Start Association' in 2017-2018 are not included as they did not contain information about contract or in-house lobbyists. 


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References
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U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Education and Communication in Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI (CBSA) [CUURA207SAE], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; URL: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CUURA207SAE, March 30, 2020

Wisconsin Ethics Commission. 2017. 'Eye on Lobbying Quick Tip Sheet'. URL: 'https://ethics.wi.gov/Resources/EOLSLAEs2017.pdf' (accessed sAugust 21, 2023).
